All 7 systems condensed to their one-glance recap facts — Hemostasis, Immunology, GI, Metabolism & the Liver, Nutrition & Thermoregulation, and Respiration I & II.
| Topic | One-glance facts |
|---|---|
| Blood's three jobs | Transport (O₂, nutrients, waste), regulation (pH, temperature), protection (immunity, clotting). |
| Hematocrit vs. hemoglobin | Hematocrit = % red cells (~40–45%). Hemoglobin = carrier protein (~15 g/dL); sets oxygen-carrying capacity. |
| Hematopoiesis | All lines from marrow stem cells; EPO (kidney) drives red cells via negative feedback; needs iron, B₁₂, folate. |
| Coagulation | Spasm → platelet plug → cascade. Extrinsic + intrinsic → factor X → thrombin → fibrin (XIII cross-links). Ca²⁺ & vitamin K required; antithrombin restrains. |
| Topic | One-glance facts |
|---|---|
| White cells | Neutrophils (first responders), macrophages (eat + present), eosinophils (parasites), basophils/mast (histamine), lymphocytes (specific + memory). Exit via diapedesis, home in by chemotaxis. |
| Lymphatic ↔ immune | Lymphatics return leaked fluid and filter it through nodes (antigen checkpoints); spleen filters blood; lymphocytes recirculate. Blocked drainage → edema. |
| Immune functions | Innate: barriers, phagocytes, complement (tag/recruit/lyse). Acquired: antibodies (neutralize, agglutinate, opsonize) and cytotoxic T-cells; memory persists. |
| Innate vs. acquired + allergy | Innate = fast/general; acquired = specific/remembered (2nd response bigger). Allergy = IgE-coated mast cells releasing histamine on re-exposure. |
| Topic | One-glance facts |
|---|---|
| Motility & hormones | Enteric NS + slow waves. Peristalsis pushes, segmentation mixes. Gastrin (acid+motility), secretin (bicarbonate for acid), CCK (bile+enzymes for fat). |
| Enzymes | Carbs: amylase → disaccharidases. Protein: pepsin (acid) → proteases/peptidases. Fat: bile + lipase. Proteases secreted as zymogens. |
| Bile & pancreas | Liver makes bile; gallbladder stores/concentrates; CCK releases it; amphipathic bile salts emulsify fat; recycled in ileum. Pancreas: bicarbonate (secretin) + enzymes (CCK). |
| Liver | First-pass via portal vein: glucose buffer, detox, urea, bile, plasma proteins, storage, Kupffer filtering. |
| Absorption | Villi/microvilli surface. Sugars & amino acids: Na⁺-coupled → blood → liver. Fat: micelles → chylomicrons → lymph → blood. |
| Defecation | Gastrocolic reflex → mass movement. Internal sphincter (involuntary) relaxes; external sphincter (voluntary) allows delay. |
| Topic | One-glance facts |
|---|---|
| Liver functions | Glucose buffer, detox + urea, bile, plasma proteins, storage; first-pass via portal vein. |
| Glucose | Glycolysis (2 ATP, no O₂) → citric acid cycle → oxidative phosphorylation (most ATP, needs O₂). Insulin lowers, glucagon raises; gluconeogenesis feeds the glucose-dependent brain. |
| Lipids | Beta-oxidation → acetyl-CoA; fasting → ketones. Transport: chylomicrons (diet), VLDL (liver out), LDL (to tissues), HDL (back to liver). |
| Protein | Amino-acid pool; deamination/transamination frees the skeleton; urea cycle disposes nitrogen. Last-resort fuel. GH anabolic, cortisol catabolic. |
| Topic | One-glance facts |
|---|---|
| Energy balance | In vs. out; surplus stored as fat. Carbs/protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9. Stores: fat (huge) > glycogen (~1 day) > glucose (minutes). Starvation: glycogen → fat → protein. Hypothalamus + ghrelin/leptin set appetite. |
| Temperature | Hypothalamic set point ≈ 37 °C. Cold: vasoconstrict + shiver. Hot: vasodilate + sweat (evaporation cools). Loss: radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation. Fever = raised set point. |
| Metabolic rate | BMR = largest slice (measured rested/fasting). + activity + thermic effect of food. ↑ thyroid, sympathetic, body size; ↓ with age. RQ: 1.0 carb, 0.7 fat. |
| Topic | One-glance facts |
|---|---|
| Muscles | Diaphragm (phrenic nerve) for quiet breathing; accessory muscles for forced. Contract → volume ↑ → pressure ↓ → air in (Boyle's law). |
| Compliance/elasticity | Compliance = ease of inflation; elastic recoil pulls inward; negative intrapleural pressure holds lungs open; pneumothorax → collapse. |
| Volumes/capacities | Tidal + IRV + ERV + residual. Residual can't be exhaled (spirometry misses it). VC = movable air; TLC = everything. |
| Surfactant | Lowers surface tension (most in small alveoli) → raises compliance, prevents collapse (Laplace). |
| Gas exchange / membrane | Diffusion down partial-pressure gradients; O₂ in, CO₂ out; complete with safety margin. Fast because area is huge and membrane thin; CO₂ crosses easily (soluble). |
| Topic | One-glance facts |
|---|---|
| Control centers | Medulla makes the rhythm; pons refines it. Central chemoreceptors sense CO₂/H⁺ (main driver); peripheral sense low O₂ (backup). Hering-Breuer guards over-inflation. |
| O₂ transport | ~98% on hemoglobin. S-curve: flat top loads in lungs, steep middle unloads at tissues. Right shift (CO₂, acid, heat, BPG) unloads more; left shift (cold, CO, fetal Hb) holds tighter. |
| CO₂ transport | ~70% bicarbonate (carbonic anhydrase), ~23% carbamino-Hb, ~7% dissolved. Chloride shift maintains charge. |
| Breathing & pH | CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻. Hyperventilation → alkalosis; hypoventilation → acidosis. Lungs fast, kidneys slow/thorough. |
| Tissue exchange | Low tissue PO₂ → O₂ diffuses out; high tissue PCO₂ → CO₂ diffuses in; right-shifted curve boosts unloading in active tissue. |