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Class of 2028 Review

“Confident, but humble” — Dr. Rappa

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Fall Semester – 2026

AI-assisted. Built from your lecture slides and syllabus objectives; answer keys are machine-checked. Spot an error? Report it

Exam 1 — Dermatology Block (Lectures 1–9)
Individual Topic Exam
Master Exams
Exam 2 — Ophthalmology Block
Individual Topic Exam
Master Exams
Exam 3 — Ear, Nose and Throat Block
Individual Topic Exam
Master Exams
Exam 4 — Cardiovascular Block
Individual Topic Exam
Master Exams
Exam 5 — Cardiology Block II
Individual Topic Exam
Exam 1 — Lectures 1–3
Individual Topic Exam
Master Exams
Exam 2 — Lectures 4–8
Individual Topic Exam
Drills by lecture
Topic drills & master drill
Most likely questions
Master Exams
Exam 3 — Lectures 9–13
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Archived quizzes

Superseded versions, kept around for extra practice.

Physiology — Individual Topic Exam
Pharmacology I — Master Exams (v1, superseded 30 August)

Replaced by a rebuild with shorter, more to-the-point questions and the new clinical vignettes. Kept for extra practice — the content is still correct.

Physiology — Master Exams

What's new

August 19
  • Clinical Medicine and Surgery I — General Dermatology I (Lecture 2) gained its objective set: 2 quizzes, 60 questions, drawn from the syllabus instructional objectives. Covers the descriptive vocabulary and diagnostic tools, dermatologic pharmacology, the eczemas and dermatitides, vesiculobullous disease, psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, lichen planus and simplex, the alopecias and xerosis. Note that this lecture defines a macule as under one centimeter; Clinical Pathophysiology uses five millimeters for the same lesion, and each course examines its own convention.
  • And its vignette set: 2 more quizzes, 60 clinical cases. The lead-ins vary on purpose — some ask for the diagnosis, others for the next step, the first-line treatment, the initial or confirmatory test, or what you would tell the patient — because recognizing the disease and answering the question are two separate acts. That completes all four exams for that lecture.
  • Dermatology II (Lecture 3) gained its objective set: 2 quizzes, 60 questions across erythema multiforme, dermatitis herpetiformis, acanthosis nigricans, epidermolysis bullosa, urticaria, erythema nodosum, granuloma annulare, pyoderma gangrenosum, rosacea and hyperhidrosis, then Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and photodermatology through to actinic keratosis and photoaging. Its vignette set is next, and the block exam is 28 August.
August 18
  • Principles of Diagnostic Medicine I has started. Lecture 1, Principles of Laboratory Diagnostics — 2 quizzes (60 questions) covering the pretest, intratest and posttest phases, the order of draw and which tube goes with which test, stool, blood, sputum and throat studies, point-of-care testing with its regulation, and sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and pre-test probability. Built to match how Professor Reynolds said this course is examined: reference ranges are always supplied, so nothing here requires a memorized normal value, and no question asks you to calculate a predictive value — she said outright she will not make you do math. Tube questions stay on the order of draw and the common color-to-test pairings rather than the full additive table, which is also what she asked for.
  • That lecture also gained a study guide (all fifteen objectives, four figures including the Stop-Light-Red-Stay-Put-Green-Light-Go order-of-draw jogger), a Cram Sheet (6 topics, 36 rows, opening with what you do not need to memorize), and an Arcade deck (64 cards). Clinical Pathophysiology I’s Dermatology guide is now fully starred too — the second half of that recording synced later, so sections 2.5 and 2.6 have their emphasis marks, including one thing Professor Gopal said you explicitly do not need: the hedgehog signaling pathway detail behind basal cell carcinoma.
  • Physical Diagnosis 2 has started. Lecture 1, Introduction to Physical Diagnosis II, gets a single 15-question quiz rather than the usual two × 30 — most of that deck is course orientation, and questions about grade weightings and file naming are not worth your time. What is left is clinical: the oral case presentation, comprehensive versus focused encounters, and the documentation rules. Lecture 2, Dermatology, gets the full 2 × 30 (60 questions) covering the history, the examination itself, the descriptive vocabulary, and the abnormal findings of skin, hair and nails. Also: a new study guide with both lectures, a new Cram Sheet (6 topics, 47 rows), and 3 Arcade decks (110 cards). Exam 1 covers Lectures 1–4, so Ophthalmology and ENT sections get added as those decks are posted.
  • Three OSCE run-sheets for Physical Diagnosis 2 — ENT (16 September), Cardiac (21 October) and Pulmonary (10 November). These cover the whole station rather than just the maneuvers: introduction, focused history of present illness, focused review of systems and background history, vital sign interpretation, the system examination, then differentials, studies with justification, diagnosis, treatment plan with patient education, and the one-minute case presentation — the component list from the course lecture, in order. 362 items across the three, each tagged spoken or hands-on and carrying the exact words to say. Same instrument as the PD1 head-to-toe checksheet: ticks persist, spoken-only and hands-on-only filters, and it prints. Examination items come from the PD1 lab checksheets, since those maneuvers do not change between courses; whatever the PD2 lectures add gets layered in as each is posted.
August 17
  • Clinical Pathophysiology I gained Dermatology: Pathophysiology of the Skin (Lecture 2) — 2 quizzes (60 questions), an Arcade deck, a new study-guide section with the integument and epidermal-strata figures, and 35 new Cram Sheet rows. Mechanism only: the same material is taught in Clinical Medicine and Surgery I this term, and that is where diagnosis and management live.
  • Pharmacology I has started. Lecture 1 — Antibiotics, Antivirals and Antifungals — covers 23 drug classes across 128 slides, so it is built as three topics: Antibacterials (2 × 30), Antifungals (2 × 30) and Antivirals (2 × 20) — 160 questions in all. Weighted toward class identity and mechanism of action, then black box warnings and high-yield adverse effects. Drug dosages are not tested, per Dr. Wood. The antiviral sets are twenty rather than thirty because that section is eleven slides covering six agents; padding to thirty would mean asking the same facts twice.
July 30
  • Physical Diagnosis 1 Exam 3 gained four Arcade decks from the CNS & PNS Neurological Lab Sheet — dermatomes and roots, reflexes and roots, spinal innervations, and a separate deck for each grading scale (consciousness, orientation, muscle strength 0–5, and muscle stretch reflexes 0–4+).
July 29
  • CAM/Nutrition Exam 2 gained Herbal Medicines & Medical Marijuana and Animal-Assisted Therapy — 4 quizzes (118 questions), 2 Arcade decks, 2 new study-guide sections, and 7 new Cram Sheet topics.
July 28
  • Physical Diagnosis 1 Exam 3 gained Writing the History & Physical and Progress Notes — 2 quizzes (60 questions), an Arcade deck, a new study-guide section, and updated Cram Sheet coverage.
July 27
  • CAM/Nutrition Exam 2 has started: Introduction to Complementary & Alternative Medicine — 2 quizzes (60 questions), an Arcade deck, a new study guide, and a new Cram Sheet for the exam.
July 23
  • 4 Anatomy Exam 4 “Prof. Shah Style” quizzes (Sets 1–4, 120 questions total): integrative, multi-clue questions that combine innervation, action, origin/insertion, and bony landmarks/articulations across all four topics — appendicular and axial musculature and skeleton — each cited to the exact lecture slide. Also playable as live Group Study sessions.
  • 2 new Anatomy Exam 4 “Muscle Origin, Insertion, Action & Innervation” quizzes (60 questions): focused per-muscle recall of the four core attributes across the appendicular and axial musculature, drawn from the course muscle reference. Also on Group Study.
July 22
  • 4 new Physical Diagnosis 1 Exam 3 quizzes (2 sets each, 120 questions total): the Musculoskeletal Physical Examination (joint types, IPROMS exam order, muscle strength grading, and joint-by-joint range of motion) and the Neurological Exam (mental status, cranial nerves I–XII, motor, reflexes, sensory, and coordination).
July 21
  • Physiology Exam 4 is complete with its final topic, Bone & Muscle Physiology: 2 new quizzes (60 questions — skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle & bone), a new study-guide section with 15 figures, an Arcade deck, and updated Cram Sheet coverage.
  • 5 new Physiology Exam 4 Comprehensive Master Exam forms (Forms A–E, 60 questions each, 300 total) drawn cumulatively from all six topics: Endocrine I–III, Renal I–II, and Bone & Muscle.
  • 8 new Anatomy Exam 4 topic quizzes (Sets 3 & 4 for each topic, 240 questions total) across the Appendicular Skeleton, Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Musculature, and Axial Musculature.
  • 2 new Anatomy Exam 4 Anatomical Position & Relationships quizzes (60 questions) drilling directional terminology — proximal, distal, medial, lateral, superior, inferior, superficial, deep — applied to the exam's bones and muscles.
  • Anatomy Exam 4's first 5 Comprehensive Master Exam forms (Forms A–E, 60 questions each, 300 total), each drawing evenly from all four topics with no repeated questions between forms.
July 20
  • CAM/Nutrition Exam 1 grew two new topics: Pregnancy & Breastfeeding and Food Allergies & Intolerances — 2 quizzes each (120 questions total), new study guide sections with 6 figures, 2 Arcade decks, and updated Cram Sheet coverage.
  • Anatomy Exam 4's Appendicular and Axial Musculature now include a full muscle-by-muscle Action/Insertion/Innervation reference (144 muscles) in the study guide and Cram Sheet, plus 6 new Arcade decks split by field (Innervation / Origin & Insertion / Action) and region (Appendicular / Axial).
  • Every exam now has a companion Cram Sheet — a condensed, night-before reference distinct from the full study guide, linked right next to it on the Guides page.
July 18 (cont'd)
  • Physical Diagnosis 1 Exam 2 fully built out: 9 topic quizzes (Anus & Rectum, Male GU (genitourinary) & Prostate, Abdominal, Lung & Thorax, Skin/Hair/Nail, Eye, General Survey & Vitals, Cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular, HENT (Head, Ears, Nose, Throat) — 540 questions total), 5 Comprehensive Master Exam forms (60 questions each), a full study guide, and 9 Arcade decks.
  • Physical Diagnosis 1 Exam 3 started: Pelvic Exam (Female Genitalia) and Breast Examination topic quizzes, study guide, and Arcade decks (Master Exam pending until more Exam 3 content is posted).
July 18
  • 10 new Physiology Exam 3 topic quizzes (2 more sets per topic, 300 questions total) covering Hemostasis, Blood & Immunology, Gastrointestinal Physiology, Metabolism/Nutrition/Thermoregulation, and Pulmonary Physiology, plus 2 new Comprehensive Master Exam forms (Version 11 & 12, 70 questions each) drawn entirely from this new question pool.
  • New class tab: Physical Diagnosis 1 (Exam 1 & 2, content coming soon).
July 16 (cont'd)
  • 4 new Anatomy Exam 3 quick-reference guides (on the Guides page): Blood Flow & Vasculature (arterial/venous/lymphatic routes for every organ, plus the nephron, hepatic portal, and hypophyseal portal flow chains), Hormones (where each hormone is made, stored, and what it acts on), Retroperitoneal vs. Intraperitoneal (every organ classified, including the SAD PUCKER mnemonic), and Key Flow Sequences (filtrate/urine flow, bile & pancreatic juice flow, GI transit, sperm flow, oocyte flow, lymphatic drainage, and testicular descent).
  • 10 new Anatomy Exam 3 topic quizzes (2 more sets per topic, 300 questions total) covering Endocrine, Gastrointestinal Tract I & II, Female Reproductive, Male Reproductive, and Nephrology/Urinary System, plus 2 new Comprehensive Master Exam forms (Form F & G, 50 questions each) drawn entirely from this new question pool.
  • Anatomy Exam 1 and Exam 2 are open: 22 new quizzes (2 sets each, 660 questions total) covering Intro to Anatomy, Histology, Brain and ANS, Nervous Tissue & Cerebral Blood Flow, Spinal Cord & Sensory Receptors, Peripheral & Cranial Nerves, The Integumentary System, Eye and Ear Anatomy, Heart and Great Vessels, Vascular & Lymphatics, and Pulmonary Anatomy — plus new study guides with curated figures for both exams.
  • Physiology Exam 1 and Exam 2 are open: 20 new quizzes (2 sets each, 600 questions total) covering Cell Physiology & Membranes, Membrane Potentials & Action Potentials, Nervous System Sensory & Motor, Central Nervous System Function, Hearing/Taste/Smell, Cardiac Physiology, Circulatory Physiology I & II, and Physiology of Vision — plus new study guides with curated figures for both exams.
  • New Comprehensive Master Exams (5 forms each, 60 questions/form, 1,200 questions total) for Anatomy Exam 1, Anatomy Exam 2, Physiology Exam 1, and Physiology Exam 2.
  • Arcade now covers Physiology Exam 1 (5 decks), Physiology Exam 2 (5 decks), Physiology Exam 3 (5 decks: Hemostasis, Blood & Immunology, GI, Metabolism/Nutrition/Thermoregulation, Pulmonary), Anatomy Exam 1 (6 decks), and Anatomy Exam 2 (5 decks) — Study, Learn, Sprint, and Match all updated with real content.
July 16
  • 10 new Physiology Exam 4 quizzes (300 questions total, 2 new sets per topic): Renal Physiology I & II, Endocrine Physiology I (Pituitary & Thyroid), II (Adrenal, Parathyroid & Pancreas), and III (Reproductive Hormones).
  • Arcade now has real Anatomy Exam 3 decks (Endocrine Glands → Hormones, Retroperitoneal vs Intraperitoneal) and Physiology Exam 4 decks (Renal I & II, Endocrine I/II/III) — Study, Learn, Sprint, and Match all updated with real content.
  • Arcade now also covers CAM/Nutrition Exam 1: Human Nutrition, Macronutrients/Micronutrients/Water, Special Topics in Nutrition, and Weight Control.
  • 4 new CAM/Nutrition Exam 1 quizzes (2 sets each, 120 questions total): Special Topics in Nutrition (malnutrition, enteral/parenteral nutrition, refeeding syndrome) and Weight Control (energy balance, obesity treatment, bariatric surgery).
  • CAM/Nutrition Exam 1 study guide now covers Special Topics in Nutrition and Weight Control alongside the existing two topics.
  • Anatomy Exam 4 is open: 8 new quizzes (2 sets each, 240 questions total) covering the Appendicular Skeleton, Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Musculature, and Axial Musculature, plus a brand-new study guide with labeled figures.
July 15
  • Arcade is live — the homepage "Flashcards" pill is now "Arcade": Study, Learn, Sprint, and Match modes for flashcard-style review, starting with a Physiology > Exam 4 placeholder deck while real class content gets added.
July 14
  • New "Flashcards" pill on the homepage — a placeholder for an upcoming flashcard feature (not built yet).
  • New "CAM/Nutrition" tab is open: Nutrition PPT 1-2 Review Qs (25 questions on energy/calories, carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and micronutrients).
  • 5 more Anatomy Exam 3 topic quizzes (Set 4/5), 895 questions total: Endocrine (160), Female Reproductive (225), GI I & II (45), Male Reproductive (185), and Nephrology/Urinary (280).
  • CAM/Nutrition Exam 1 is open: a new study guide (Human Nutrition & Macronutrients/Micronutrients/Water, with audio) plus 4 new quizzes (2 sets each topic, 80 questions total).
  • Search built into every study guide — press / or the search icon to jump straight to a term, anywhere in the guide.
July 13
  • 2 new Physiology Exam 4 quizzes: Endocrine III — Male Reproductive Physiology (30 questions) and Endocrine III — Female Reproductive, Pregnancy & Lactation (90 questions).
  • 3 more Physiology Exam 4 quizzes: Endocrine Physiology I Practice Exam (119 questions) and Endocrine Physiology II Parts 1 & 2 (Adrenal, and Pancreas/Calcium/PTH).
  • New "Intro to PA Profession" tab: a study guide (on the Guides page) plus 5 Comprehensive Master Exam forms (A–E, 60 questions each) covering History, PA Organizations, Professional Practice, Health Care Teamwork, Clinical Practice, Professionalism, and Difficult Conversations.
July 11
  • Physiology Exam 4 is open: Renal Physiology I (65 questions) and Renal Physiology II Comprehensive (75 questions), both under the Physiology tab.
  • 5 new Anatomy Exam 3 quizzes: a second question set for Endocrine, GI I & II, Female Reproductive, and Male Reproductive, plus a brand-new Nephrology / Urinary System quiz.
  • 10 more Anatomy Exam 3 topic quizzes (3rd/4th sets) plus 5 new Comprehensive Master Exams (Forms A–E) spanning all five Exam 3 topics.
July 9
  • New Physiology Master Exam (Version 10) — a 70-question comprehensive review spanning all seven Exam 3 systems, with per-objective breakdown at the end.
July 8
  • Guided site tour — a first-time walkthrough of search, This Week, and quiz features. Replay it anytime with "Need a guide?" at the bottom of the page.
  • Install this site as an app, right from your home screen.
  • Keyboard shortcuts help — press ? on any quiz to see them.
  • Archived tab for old/superseded quiz versions, so the main lists stay current.
  • 15 new & updated Physiology Exam 3 quizzes: 5 new Master Exam versions, plus 2 new versions each of Hemostasis, Blood & Immunology, GI, Metabolism, and Pulmonary.
  • Shuffle question order + a pause/resume timer, added to every quiz.
  • "This Week" widget on the homepage — upcoming exams & practicums at a glance, auto-advances every Friday at 5pm.
  • Dark/light mode toggle + refresh button.
Earlier
  • Back button + full keyboard navigation (1-4, Enter, arrows) on every quiz.
  • Progress tracking, resume, and mistake review on every quiz.
  • "Continue where you left off" widget on the homepage.
  • Offline mode, so previously-visited pages still work without signal.

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