| MUSCLES THAT POSITION THE PECTORAL GIRDLE |
| Levator scapulae | Elevates scapula | Transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebrae | Vertebral border of scapula near superior angle and medial end of scapular spine | Cervical nerves C3-C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C5) |
| Pectoralis minor | Depresses and protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves inferiorly (downward rotation); elevates ribs if scapula is stationary | Anterior surfaces and superior margins of ribs 3–5 (or 2–4) and the fascia covering the external intercostals | Coracoid process of scapula | Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) |
| Rhomboid major | Adducts and performs downward rotation of the scapula | Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of vertebrae T2–T5 | Vertebral border of scapula from spine to inferior angle | Dorsal scapular nerve (C5) |
| Rhomboid minor | As above | Spinous processes of vertebrae C7–T1 | Vertebral border of scapula | As above |
| Serratus anterior | Protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves superiorly (upward rotation) | Anterior and superior margins of ribs 1–8 (or 1–9, or 1–10) | Anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula | Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7) |
| Subclavius | Depresses and protracts shoulder | First rib | Clavicle (inferior border of middle 1/3) | Nerve to subclavius (C5-C6) |
| Trapezius | Depends on active region and state of other muscles; may elevate, retract, depress, or rotate scapula upward and/or clavicle; can also extend neck when position of shoulder is fixed | Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae | Clavicle and scapula (acromion and scapular spine) | Accessory nerve (N XI) |
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE ARM |
| Coracobrachialis | Adduction and flexion at shoulder | Coracoid process | Medial margin of shaft of humerus | Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) |
| Deltoid | Whole muscle: abduction of shoulder; anterior part: flexion and medial rotation of humerus; posterior part: extension and lateral rotation of humerus | Clavicle and scapula (acromion and adjacent scapular spine) | Deltoid tuberosity of humerus | Axillary nerve (C5-C6) |
| Supraspinatus | Abduction at shoulder | Supraspinous fossa of scapula | Greater tubercle of humerus | Suprascapular nerve (C5) |
| Infraspinatus | Lateral rotation at shoulder | Infraspinous fossa of scapula | Greater tubercle of humerus | Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6) |
| Subscapularis | Medial rotation at shoulder | Subscapular fossa of scapula | Lesser tubercle of humerus | Subscapular nerve (C5-C6) |
| Teres major | Extension and medial rotation at shoulder | Inferior angle of scapula | Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus | Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6) |
| Teres minor | Lateral rotation and adduction at shoulder | Lateral border of scapula | Greater tubercle of humerus | Axillary nerve (C5) |
| Triceps brachii (long head) | Extension at elbow (see Table 11.3 for full triceps entry) | Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula | See Table 11.3 | See Table 11.3 |
| Biceps brachii | Flexion at elbow (see Table 11.3 for full biceps entry) | Short head from the coracoid process; long head from the supraglenoid tubercle (both on the scapula) | See Table 11.3 | See Table 11.3 |
| Latissimus dorsi | Extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder | Spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar and sacral vertebrae, ribs 8–12, and thoracolumbar fascia | Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus | Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8) |
| Pectoralis major | Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder | Cartilages of ribs 2–6, body of sternum, and inferior, medial portion of clavicle | Crest of greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus | Pectoral nerves (C5-T1) |
| ACTION AT THE ELBOW — FLEXORS |
| Biceps brachii | Flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination | Short head from the coracoid process; long head from the supraglenoid tubercle (both on the scapula) | Radial tuberosity | Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) |
| Brachialis | Flexion at elbow | Distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus | Ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process | Musculocutaneous and radial nerve (C7-C8) |
| Brachioradialis | Flexion at elbow | Ridge superior to the lateral epicondyle of humerus | Lateral aspect of styloid process of radius | Radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| ACTION AT THE ELBOW — EXTENSORS |
| Anconeus | Extension at elbow | Posterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus | Lateral margin of olecranon and ulnar shaft | Radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| Triceps brachii — lateral head | Extension at elbow | Superior, lateral margin of humerus | Olecranon of ulna | Radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| Triceps brachii — long head | Extension at elbow, plus extension and adduction at shoulder | Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula | Olecranon of ulna | Radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| Triceps brachii — medial head | Extension at elbow | Posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove | Olecranon of ulna | Radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| PRONATORS / SUPINATORS |
| Pronator quadratus | Pronates forearm and hand by medial rotation of radius at radioulnar joints | Anterior and medial surfaces of distal ulna | Anterolateral surface of distal portion of radius | Median nerve (C8-T1) |
| Pronator teres | As above, plus flexion at elbow | Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna | Middle of lateral surface of radius | Median nerve (C6-C7) |
| Supinator | Supinates forearm and hand by lateral rotation of radius at radioulnar joints | Lateral epicondyle of humerus and ridge near radial notch of ulna | Anterolateral surface of radius distal to the radial tuberosity | Deep radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| ACTION AT THE WRIST — FLEXORS |
| Flexor carpi radialis | Flexion and abduction at wrist | Medial epicondyle of humerus | Bases of second and third metacarpal bones | Median nerve (C6-C7) |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | Flexion and adduction at wrist | Medial epicondyle of humerus; adjacent medial surface of olecranon and anteromedial portion of ulna | Pisiform, hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal bone | Ulnar nerve (C8-T1) |
| Palmaris longus | Flexion at wrist | Medial epicondyle of humerus | Palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum | Median nerve (C6-C7) |
| ACTION AT THE WRIST — EXTENSORS |
| Extensor carpi radialis longus | Extension and abduction at wrist | Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus | Base of second metacarpal bone | Radial nerve (C6-C7) |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis | As above | Lateral epicondyle of humerus | Base of third metacarpal bone | As above |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris | Extension and adduction at wrist | Lateral epicondyle of humerus; adjacent dorsal surface of ulna | Base of fifth metacarpal bone | Deep radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND AND FINGERS |
| Abductor pollicis longus | Abduction at joints of thumb and wrist | Proximal dorsal surfaces of ulna and radius | Lateral margin of first metacarpal bone and trapezium | Deep radial nerve (C6-C7) |
| Extensor digitorum | Extension at finger joints and wrist | Lateral epicondyle of humerus | Posterior surfaces of the phalanges, digits 2-5 | Deep radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| Extensor pollicis brevis | Extension at joints of thumb; abduction at wrist | Shaft of radius distal to origin of abductor pollicis longus and the interosseous membrane | Base of proximal phalanx of thumb | Deep radial nerve (C6-C7) |
| Extensor pollicis longus | As above | Posterior and lateral surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane | Base of distal phalanx of thumb | Deep radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| Extensor indicis | Extension and adduction at joints of index finger | Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane | Posterior surface of proximal phalanx of index finger, with tendon of extensor digitorum | Deep radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| Extensor digiti minimi | Extension at joints of little finger; extension at wrist | Via extensor tendon to lateral epicondyle of humerus and from intermuscular septa | Posterior surface of proximal phalanx of little finger | Deep radial nerve (C6-C8) |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis | Flexion at proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and wrist joints | Medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna and adjacent anterior surfaces of ulna and radius | Bases of middle phalanges of digits 2-5 | Median nerve (C7-T1) |
| Flexor digitorum profundus | Flexion at distal interphalangeal joints, and to a lesser degree proximal interphalangeal joints and wrist | Medial and posterior surfaces of ulna, medial surfaces of coronoid process, and interosseous membrane | Bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5 | Anterior interosseous branch of median nerve and ulnar nerve (C8-T1) |
| Flexor pollicis longus | Flexion at joints of thumb | Anterior shaft of radius and interosseous membrane | Base of distal phalanx of thumb | Median nerve (C8-T1) |
| INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE HAND |
| Adductor pollicis | Adduction of thumb | Metacarpal and carpal bones | Proximal phalanx of thumb | Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1) |
| Opponens pollicis | Opposition of thumb | Trapezium and flexor retinaculum | First metacarpal bone | Median nerve (C6-C7) |
| Palmaris brevis | Moves skin on medial border toward midline of palm | Palmar aponeurosis | Skin of medial border of hand | Ulnar nerve, superficial branch (C8) |
| Abductor digiti minimi (hand) | Abduction of little finger and flexion at its metacarpophalangeal joint | Pisiform | Proximal phalanx of little finger | Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1) |
| Abductor pollicis brevis | Abduction of thumb | Transverse carpal ligament, scaphoid, and trapezium | Radial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb | Median nerve (C6-C7) |
| Flexor pollicis brevis | Flexion and adduction of thumb | Flexor retinaculum, trapezium, capitate, palmar ligaments of the distal row of carpal bones, and ulnar side of first metacarpal | Radial and ulnar sides of proximal phalanx of thumb | Branches of median and ulnar nerves |
| Flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand) | Flexion at fifth metacarpophalangeal joint | Hook of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | Proximal phalanx of little finger | Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1) |
| Opponens digiti minimi | Flexion at metacarpophalangeal joint; brings digit into opposition with thumb | Hook of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | Fifth metacarpal bone | Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1) |
| Lumbricals (4, hand) | Flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints; extension at proximal and distal interphalangeal joints | The four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus | Tendons of extensor digitorum to digits 2-5 | No. 1 & 2 by median nerve; no. 3 & 4 by ulnar nerve, deep branch |
| Dorsal interossei (4, hand) | Abduction at metacarpophalangeal joints of digits 2-4; flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints; extension at interphalangeal joints | Opposing faces of two metacarpal bones (I & II, II & III, III & IV, IV & V) | Bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2-4 | Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1) |
| Palmar interossei (4, hand) | Adduction at metacarpophalangeal joints of digits 2, 4, 5; flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints; extension at interphalangeal joints | Sides of metacarpal bones II, IV, and V | Bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2, 4, 5 | Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1) |
| GLUTEAL GROUP |
| Gluteus maximus | Extension and lateral rotation at hip; helps stabilize the extended knee; abduction at hip (superior fibers only) | Iliac crest, posterior gluteal line, and lateral surface of ilium; sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia | Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur | Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2) |
| Gluteus medius | Abduction and medial rotation at hip | Anterior iliac crest and lateral surface of ilium between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines | Greater trochanter of femur | Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1) |
| Gluteus minimus | As above | Lateral surface of ilium between the inferior and anterior gluteal lines | Greater trochanter of femur | As above |
| Tensor fasciae latae | Abduction and medial rotation at hip; extension and lateral rotation at knee; tenses fasciae latae | Iliac crest and lateral surface of the anterior superior iliac spine | Iliotibial tract | Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1) |
| LATERAL ROTATOR GROUP |
| Obturators (externus and internus) | Lateral rotation and abduction of hip | Lateral and medial margins of the obturator foramen | Trochanteric fossa of femur (externus); medial surface of greater trochanter (internus) | Obturator nerve (externus, L3-L4) and nerve from sacral plexus (internus, L5-S2) |
| Piriformis | As above | Anterolateral surface of the sacrum | Greater trochanter of femur | Branches of sacral nerves (S1-S2) |
| Gemelli (superior and inferior) | As above | Ischial spine (superior gemellus) and ischial tuberosity (inferior gemellus) | Medial surface of greater trochanter via tendon of obturator internus | Nerves to obturator internus and quadratus femoris |
| Quadratus femoris | Lateral rotation of hip | Lateral border of the ischial tuberosity | Intertrochanteric crest of femur | Special nerves from sacral plexus (L4-S1) |
| ADDUCTOR GROUP |
| Adductor brevis | Adduction and flexion at hip | Inferior ramus of pubis | Linea aspera of femur | Obturator nerve (L3-L4) |
| Adductor longus | Adduction, flexion, and medial rotation at hip | Inferior ramus of pubis, anterior to adductor brevis | Linea aspera of femur | Obturator nerve (L3-L4) |
| Adductor magnus | Whole muscle produces adduction at hip; anterior part produces flexion and medial rotation; posterior part produces extension | Inferior ramus of pubis posterior to adductor brevis, and ischial tuberosity | Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur | Obturator and sciatic nerves |
| Pectineus | Flexion and adduction at hip | Superior ramus of pubis | Pectineal line inferior to lesser trochanter of femur | Femoral nerve (L2-L4) |
| Gracilis | Flexion and medial rotation at knee; adduction and medial rotation at hip | Inferior ramus of pubis | Medial surface of tibia inferior to medial condyle | Obturator nerve (L3-L4) |
| ILIOPSOAS GROUP |
| Iliacus | Flexion at hip and/or lumbar intervertebral joints | Iliac fossa | Femur distal to lesser trochanter; tendon fused with that of psoas major | Femoral nerve (L2-L3) |
| Psoas major | As above | Anterior surfaces and transverse processes of vertebrae T12–L5 | Lesser trochanter in company with iliacus | Branches of the lumbar plexus (L2-L3) |
| FLEXORS OF THE KNEE |
| Biceps femoris | Flexion at knee; extension and lateral rotation at hip | Ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur | Head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia | Sciatic nerve; tibial portion (S1-S3, long head) and common fibular branch (L5-S2, short head) |
| Semimembranosus | Flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip | Ischial tuberosity | Posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia | Sciatic nerve, tibial portion (L5-S2) |
| Semitendinosus | As above | Ischial tuberosity | Proximal, medial surface of tibia near insertion of gracilis | As above |
| Sartorius | Flexion at knee; abduction, flexion, and lateral rotation at hip | Anterior superior iliac spine | Medial surface of tibia near tibial tuberosity | Femoral nerve (L2-L3) |
| Popliteus | Medial rotation of tibia (or lateral rotation of femur) at knee; flexion at knee | Lateral condyle of femur | Posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft | Tibial nerve (L4-S1) |
| EXTENSORS OF THE KNEE (QUADRICEPS) |
| Rectus femoris | Extension at knee; flexion at hip | Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior acetabular rim of ilium | Tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, and patellar ligament | Femoral nerve (L2-L4) |
| Vastus intermedius | Extension at knee | Anterolateral surface of femur and linea aspera (distal half) | As above | As above |
| Vastus lateralis | As above | Anterior and inferior to the greater trochanter of femur and along the linea aspera (proximal half) | As above | As above |
| Vastus medialis | As above | Entire length of the linea aspera of femur | As above | As above |
| ACTION AT THE ANKLE — DORSIFLEXORS |
| Tibialis anterior | Dorsiflexion at ankle; inversion of foot | Lateral condyle and proximal shaft of tibia | Base of first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform | Deep fibular nerve (L4-S1) |
| ACTION AT THE ANKLE — PLANTAR FLEXORS |
| Gastrocnemius | Plantar flexion at ankle; flexion at knee | Femoral condyles | Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon | Tibial nerve (S1-S2) |
| Fibularis brevis | Eversion of foot and plantar flexion at ankle | Midlateral margin of fibula | Base of fifth metatarsal bone | Superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1) |
| Fibularis longus | Eversion of foot and plantar flexion at ankle; supports longitudinal and transverse arches | Head and proximal shaft of fibula | Base of first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform | Superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1) |
| Plantaris | Plantar flexion at ankle; flexion at knee | Lateral supracondylar ridge | Posterior portion of calcaneus | Tibial nerve (L4-S1) |
| Soleus | Plantar flexion at ankle; postural muscle when standing | Head and proximal shaft of fibula, and adjacent posteromedial shaft of tibia | Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (with gastrocnemius) | Sciatic nerve, tibial branch (S1-S2) |
| Tibialis posterior | Inversion of foot; plantar flexion at ankle | Interosseous membrane and adjacent shafts of tibia and fibula | Navicular, all three cuneiforms, cuboid, second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones | Tibial nerve |
| ACTION AT THE TOES — DIGITAL FLEXORS |
| Flexor digitorum longus | Flexion of joints of toes 2-5; plantar flexes ankle | Posteromedial surface of tibia | Inferior surface of distal phalanges, toes 2-5 | Tibial nerve branch (L5-S1) |
| Flexor hallucis longus | Flexion at joints of great toe; plantar flexes ankle | Posterior surface of fibula | Inferior surface, distal phalanx of great toe | Tibial nerve branch (L5-S1) |
| ACTION AT THE TOES — DIGITAL EXTENSORS |
| Extensor digitorum longus | Extension of toes 2-5; dorsiflexes ankle | Lateral condyle of tibia and anterior surface of fibula | Superior surfaces of phalanges, toes 2-5 | Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1) |
| Extensor hallucis longus | Extension at joints of great toe; dorsiflexes ankle | Anterior surface of fibula | Superior surface, distal phalanx of great toe | Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1) |
| INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE FOOT |
| Extensor digitorum brevis | Extension at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 1-4 | Calcaneus (superior and lateral surfaces) | Dorsal surface of toes 1-4 | Deep fibular nerve (S1, S2) |
| Abductor hallucis | Abduction at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe | Calcaneus (tuberosity on inferior surface) | Medial side of proximal phalanx of great toe | Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) |
| Flexor digitorum brevis | Flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5 | Calcaneus (tuberosity on inferior surface) | Sides of middle phalanges, toes 2-5 | Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) |
| Abductor digiti minimi (foot) | Abduction and flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of toe 5 | Calcaneus (tuberosity on inferior surface) | Lateral side of proximal phalanx, toe 5 | Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) |
| Quadratus plantae | Flexion at joints of toes 2-5 | Calcaneus (medial, inferior surfaces) | Tendon of flexor digitorum longus | Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) |
| Lumbricals (4, foot) | Flexion at metatarsophalangeal joints; extension at interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5 | Tendons of flexor digitorum longus | Insertions of extensor digitorum longus | Medial plantar nerve (1), lateral plantar nerve (2-4) |
| Flexor hallucis brevis | Flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe | Cuboid and lateral cuneiform | Proximal phalanx of great toe | Medial plantar nerve (L4-S5) |
| Adductor hallucis | Adduction and flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe | Bases of metatarsal bones II–IV and plantar ligaments | As above (proximal phalanx of great toe) | Lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2) |
| Flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot) | Flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of toe 5 | Base of metatarsal bone V | Lateral side of proximal phalanx of toe 5 | Lateral plantar nerve (as above) |
| Dorsal interossei (4, foot) | Abduction at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 3 and 4; flexion of metatarsophalangeal joints and extension at interphalangeal joints of toes 2-4 | Sides of metatarsal bones | Medial and lateral sides of toe 2; lateral sides of toes 3 and 4 | Lateral plantar nerve (as above) |
| Plantar interossei (3, foot) | Adduction of metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 3-5; flexion of metatarsophalangeal joints and extension at interphalangeal joints | Bases and medial sides of metatarsal bones | Medial sides of toes 3-5 | Lateral plantar nerve (as above) |